Candidiasis or thrush is a fungal infection caused by Candida albicans, a yeast fungus which is also often present on healthy skin or mucous membranes. Under certain conditions, e.g. diabetes, depressed immune system, pregnancy, after taking antibiotics or cortisone, the fungus can multiply profusely and cause inflammation.

In principle the fungal infection can affect various parts of the body (lining of the mouth, skin folds, e.g. the armpits, etc.). However vaginal infections and inflammation of the glans and foreskin in men are particularly common. The fungus is then easily transmitted by sexual contact.

Symptoms and signs

In women the vagina becomes red and swollen and is covered with a white discharge which can be wiped off revealing the inflamed tissue underneath. The infection is accompanied by severe itching and a whitish, 'cottage-cheese' like discharge.
In men inflammation of the glans and the foreskin is particularly common. There are red papules and pustules. Tightening of the foreskin (phimosis) and poor personal hygiene promote the disease.

In women in particular the disease can spread to the internal genital organs with ectopic pregnancies or infertility as late complications.
The bladder and the kidneys can also be infected.

In patients with a compromised immune system the disease can spread through the entire body. Sites frequently affected in these cases are the esophagus, lungs, endocardium (lining of the heart), bladder and kidneys and the central nervous system.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis is based on a combination of the typical appearance and microscopic examination of specimens taken from the infected areas.

Prevention and treatment

The best protection against candidiasis is safer sex.

The disease is treated with antifungals, drugs which destroy the fungi or suppress their growth.

They are available as creams, often containing additional substances which relieve the itching and inflammation. In women there are also vaginal pessaries which are introduced in the vagina and dissolve there.

There are also antifungal preparations which are taken by mouth (tablets etc.).

Sexual partners should always be treated as well in order to prevent late complications and spread of the infection.